deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation

"[116] Altogether, 1.8410^6USgal (7,000m3) of dispersants were used; of this 771,000USgal (2,920m3) were released at the wellhead. Clean Water Act, RESTORE Act, Oil Pollution Act and criminal statutes lead to $20.8B settlement, largest in U.S. history, Unprecedented funding to support Gulf-wide restoration and research, Major restoration programs funded for next 30 years, NOAA, Department of the Interior and Gulf states developing a 15-year plan, Explosion triggered economic, environmental devastation, and a legal battle, The RESTORE Act results in funding buckets, Settlement to fund a coordinated restoration effort, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Number of adult oysters lost to the marketplace because of the, What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. One year after the notorious BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico and two decades after the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound off the coast of Alaska the scientific lesson is clear - microbes matter! On 20th April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig lost control of a well as a cement plug installed to temporarily abandon the well hole failed. Brown pelicans and laughing gulls were among the species most affected. A .gov Biostimulation is the adding of nutrients and other growth limiting resources to stimulate the growth of indigenous oil-degrading microbes to increase the rate of remediation. The defective BOP and the capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by a functioning BOP. The effect of the microscopic oil droplets on the ecosystem was unknown, though their presence, along with that of a layer of oil several inches thick discovered on portions of the seafloor in September, cast doubt on earlier predictions about the speed with which the discharged oil would dissipate. [257][258] BP's expenditures on the spill included the cost of the spill response, containment, relief well drilling, grants to the Gulf states, claims paid, and federal costs, including fines and penalties. How Microbes Clean up Oil: Lessons From the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill. [181] They also said that they wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety. For the Deep Horizon oil spill, cleanup workers used 1,400,000USgal (5,300,000l; 1,200,000impgal) of various chemical dispersants to further breakdown the oil. It set five goals: In 2011, one year after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. [202] According to J. Christopher Haney, Harold Geiger, and Jeffrey Short, three researchers with extensive experience in environmental monitoring and post-spill mortality assessments, over one million coastal birds died as a direct result of the Deepwater Horizon spill. Phototrophs and obligated aerobic organisms will be affected due to the lack of light or oxygen respectively. [367] David Rainey, BP's former vice-president for exploration in the Gulf of Mexico, was charged with obstructing Congress by misrepresenting the rate that oil was flowing out of the well. It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. BP responded that the concentrations of oil in the study were a level rarely seen in the Gulf, but The New York Times reported that the BP statement was contradicted by the study.[19]. Offshore Oil Drilling, "Spike Reported in Number of Stillborn Dolphins on Coast", "Half of bottlenose dolphins in Barataria Bay were seriously ill or dying in 2011, new study finds", "Gulf Dolphins Exposed to Oil Are Seriously Ill, Agency Says", "Restoring A Degraded Gulf of Mexico National Wildlife Federation", "How You Can Help Wildlife Impacted by the BP Oil Spill National Wildlife Federation", "BP Oil Spill: Dolphins Plagued By Death, Disease Years After Rig Explosion", "Dolphins 'suffering miscarriage, lung disease, losing teeth after BP oil spill' researchers claim", "About 565,000 pounds of oiled material from Deepwater Horizon stirred up by Hurricane Isaac", "Tropical Storm Lee surge reveals tar mats on Fourchon Beach", "Discovery of 'tar mat' prompts Gulf closure", "Three Years After the BP Spill, Tar Balls and Oil Sheen Blight Gulf Coast", Gulf of Mexico, since the BP Oil Spill of 2010 April, "AP: BP oil not degrading on Gulf floor, study says", "Study: "Dirty bathtub" buried oil from BP spill", "Tuna study reveals how pollution causes heart problems", "Dispersant Used to Clean Deepwater Horizon Spill More Toxic to Corals Than the Oil", Spike In Dolphin Deaths Directly Tied To Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, Researchers Say, Study Links Dolphin Deaths to Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill, "Hundreds of baby dolphin deaths tied to BP's Gulf oil spill", "Louisiana DHH Releases Oil Spill-Related Exposure Information", "Is This Oil Spill Solution Worse Than The Problem? Various risks were identified and evaluated, in particular, that an increase in microbial activity might reduce subsea oxygen levels, threatening fish and other animals. Oil is a biological product that can be degraded by microbes, whereas detergents used to clean up oil contaminated sites can make a bad situation even worse. ", "BP Buys 'Oil' Search Terms to Redirect Users to Official Company Website", "BP buys 'oil spill' sponsored links for search engines", "Bob Dudley: Profile of the new BP chief executive", "Why we disrupted Tony Hayward's award at the University of Birmingham", "Honorary degree for ex-BP Gulf of Mexico boss is a sick joke", "University defends degree for Deepwater Horizon boss Tony Hayward", "Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: International Offers of Assistance", "U.S. not accepting foreign help on oil spill", "Jones Act: Maritime politics strain Gulf oil spill cleanup", "Salazar Launches Safety and Environmental Protection Reforms to Toughen Oversight of Offshore Oil and Gas Operations", "Weekly Address: President Obama Establishes Bipartisan National Commission on the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Offshore Drilling", "Attorney General Eric Holder on Gulf Oil Spill", "Anadarko and Mitsui executives set to testify", "Deepwater Horizon blowout preventer 'faulty' Congress", Transocean, Halliburton blast BP report on cause of blowout, oil spill, "Gulf oil spill: President's panel says firms complacent", "Deep Water: The Gulf Oil Disaster and the Future of Offshore Drilling", "BP and firms made risky decisions before spill: report", "Blunders Abounded Before Gulf Spill, Panel Says", "BP, Transocean, Halliburton blamed by presidential Gulf oil spill commission", "Panel: Without changes in oil industry and government, BP-like spill could happen again", "DNV report on Deepwater Horizon BOP concluded", "Gulf oil spill report: BP ultimately responsible in Gulf spill", "Comment. 164 27 . GSF Development Driller II started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010. [23][59] Oil sector analysts at London-based investment bank Canaccord Genuity noted that a settlement along the lines disclosed would only be a partial resolution of the many claims against BP. Two methods of bioremediation were used: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [11] . Mark Clayton for the Christian Science Monitor. [3], From April to mid-July 2010, 411controlled in-situ fires remediated approximately 265,000bbl (11.1million USgal; 42,100m3). Now, a team of American scientists led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a. The goal of the $500 million, 10-year research initiative, known as the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative offsite link (GoMRI), is to improve understanding of spill events and associated environmental stresses and public health implications. Bioaugmentation. In June, 2016 BP announced offsite link that it had come up with its final estimate of the cost for the oil spill: $61.6 billion. An alternative technique that has longer-term remediating effect is the use of microbes in oil cleaning. API announced the creation of an offshore safety institute, separate from API's lobbying operation. [191][195][196] Signs of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae. Their versatile metabolism and their ability to thrive in various conditions make them a good candidate to be used for bioaugmentation. In their report, they suggest the possibility that respiratory symptoms might have been caused by high levels of ozone or reactive aldehydes in the air, possibly produced from photochemical reactions in the oil. [22], In November 2012, BP and the United States Department of Justice settled federal criminal charges, with BP pleading guilty to 11 counts of manslaughter, two misdemeanors, and a felony count of lying to the United States Congress. [350], In January 2014, a panel of the U.S. Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected an effort by BP to curb payment of what it described as "fictitious" and "absurd" claims to a settlement fund for businesses and persons affected by the oil spill. "The Impact of the BP Oil Spill on Visitor Spending in Louisiana: Revised estimates based on data through 2010 Q4, Prepared for the Louisiana Office of Tourism", "Summary of Information concerning the Ecological and Economic Impacts of the BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Disaster", "BP costs for oil spill response pass $3billion", "Smaller BP's profits down as oil spill trial looms", "Time to scrap BP brand? The result could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for generations. May 4, 2010. Major oil spills in the GoM such as the Deepwater Horizon (DWH 2010) and the Ixtoc 1 (1979) resulted in extensive pollution of the pelagic, sea-floor, and coastal ecosystems. Construction of two such wells had begun in May. [249], Two years after the spill, a study initiated by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found biomarkers matching the oil from the spill in the bodies of cleanup workers. [100] Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well. [116] Although usage of dispersants was described as "the most effective and fast moving tool for minimizing shoreline impact",[116] the approach continues to be investigated. [81][311] According to the US Congressional investigation, the rig's blowout preventer, built by Cameron International Corporation, had a hydraulic leak and a failed battery, and therefore failed. What resulted from this one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal nightmare. The devastating environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez spill in 1989 and its media notoriety made it a frequent comparison to the BP Deepwater Horizon spill in the popular press in 2010, even though the nature of the two spills and the environments impacted were vastly different. "[246] ProPublica reported that workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing. [190][191] PAHs are often linked to oil spills and include carcinogens and chemicals that pose various health risks to humans and marine life. [116], Dispersants are said to facilitate the digestion of the oil by microbes. [154], Oil was collected from water by using skimmers. When did the Deepwater Horizon oil spill happen? [216] In December 2013, the journal Environmental Science & Technology published a study finding that of 32 dolphins briefly captured from 24-km stretch near southeastern Louisiana, half were seriously ill or dying. "But tens of thousands of gulf residents still haven't been fully compensated for their losses, and many are struggling to make ends meet. Mac McClelland for Mother Jones, 24 May 2010. The plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals. Bioremediation for marine oil spills. When an attempt to employ a top kill, whereby drilling mud was pumped into the well to stanch the flow of oil, also failed, BP in early June turned to an apparatus called the Lower Marine Riser Package (LMRP) cap. BP said administration of the 2012 settlement was marred by the fact that people without actual damages could file a claim. [286], The petroleum industry claimed that disasters are infrequent and that this spill was an isolated incident and rejected claims of a loss of industry credibility. By October 2013 it had increased its projection to $9.2billion, saying it could be "significantly higher. [70], It was first thought that oil had not reached as far as Tampa Bay, Florida; however, a study done in 2013 found that one of the plumes of dispersant-treated oil had reached a shelf 80mi (130km) off the Tampa Bay region. In summer 2010, approximately 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved in the project. [290][291], In July 2010, President Obama issued an executive order, specifically citing the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, that adopted recommendations from the Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force and established the National Ocean Council. An infamous example of this is the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . Oil spill cleanup. The oil rig involved in the Deepwater Horizon oil spill was owned and operated by offshore oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by the oil company BP. [74] Pumping heavy drilling fluids into the blowout preventer to restrict the flow of oil before sealing it permanently with cement ("top kill") also failed. The Gulf Coast Claims Facility and the Deepwater Horizon Litigation: Judicial Regulation of Private Compensation Schemes", Independent Evaluation of the Gulf Coast Claims Facility. GoMRI uses a peer-review process to award grants for independent scientific research conducted primarily at academic institutions, as well as at select for-profit entities. This is done through the production of proteins and other cellular elements that require a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfate. Let us know. In 2011, one year after the spill, BP agreed to provide up to $1 billion toward early restoration projects in the Gulf of Mexico. The volume of oil escaping the damaged welloriginally estimated by BP to be about 1,000 barrels per daywas thought by U.S. government officials to have peaked at more than 60,000 barrels per day. The explosion The draft plan allocated up to $8.8 billion for restoration from a proposed settlement with BP. [357][358] According to The Wall Street Journal the U.S. government and Gulf Coast states had prepared an offer to BP for a $16billion settlement. In total 2,063 various skimmers were used. The addition of an ancillary collection system comprising several devices, also tapped into the BOP, increased the collection rate to approximately 25,000 barrels of oil a day. . Who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill? ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. [137][138] On 19 May, the EPA gave BP 24hours to choose less toxic alternatives to Corexit from the National Contingency Plan Product Schedule, and begin applying them within 72 hours of EPA approval or provide a detailed reasoning why no approved products met the standards. In addition, Louisiana reported that lost visitor spending through the end of 2010 totaled $32million, and losses through 2013 were expected to total $153million in this state alone. The risk for new deep-sea spills is not expected to decrease in the future, as political pressure mounts to access deep-water fossil reserves, and poorly tested technologies are used to access oil. [235][236], Mike Robicheux, a Louisiana physician, described the situation as "the biggest public health crisis from a chemical poisoning in the history of this country. ", "Limits on access to oiled waters, coast frustrates journalists", "It's BP's Oil': Running the Corporate Blockade at Louisiana's Crude-Covered Beaches, "BP's Photo Blockade of the Gulf Oil Spill: Photographers Say BP and Government Officials Are Preventing Them from Documenting the Impact of the Deepwater Horizon Disaster", "Dying, dead marine wildlife paint dark, morbid picture of Gulf Coast following oil spill". [198][212][213] By 2013, over 650 dolphins had been found stranded in the oil spill area, a four-fold increase over the historical average. [172][177][178][179][180][181][182] In some cases photographers were granted access only with BP officials escorting them on BP-contracted boats and aircraft. The plan was criticised for its expense and poor results. The oil well was capped three months later, after 24/7 news coverage. Researchers concluded that deep plumes of dissolved oil and gas would likely remain confined to the northern Gulf of Mexico and that the peak impact on dissolved oxygen would be delayed and long lasting. On 23 March 2011, BOEMRE (former MMS) and the USCG published a forensic examination report on the blowout preventer, prepared by Det Norske Veritas. Microbial biosurfactants help in bioremediation of hydrophobic compounds by two main mechanisms. [336] BP originally expected to spend $7.8billion. ", "National Contingency Plan Product Schedule", "Dispersant Monitoring and Assessment Directive Addendum", "BP is sticking with its dispersant choice", "BP Used Much Dispersant Despite E.P.A. [172], During the spill response operations, at the request of the Coast Guard, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) implemented a 900sqmi (2,300km2) temporary flight restriction zone over the operations area. [305][306] The USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries.[307]. . [93], Oil slicks were reported in March[94] and August 2011,[95][96] in March[11] and October 2012,[97][98][99] and in January 2013. Although several problems might arise, this is usually the preferred method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon. BP was also faced with growing private claim payments estimated at $14.8 billion in October 2016. [176] The Coast Guard and BP denied having a policy of restricting journalists; they noted that members of the media had been embedded with the authorities and allowed to cover response efforts since the beginning of the effort, with more than 400 embeds aboard boats and aircraft to date. He apportioned 67% of the blame for the spill to BP, 30% to Transocean, and 3% to Halliburton. Fish and Wildlife Service rescued animals to help with the spill cleanup, although there were many animals found dead. So began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico. [241], Following the 26 May 2010 hospitalization of seven fishermen that were working in the cleanup crew, BP requested that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health perform a Health Hazard Evaluation. [278], On 30 April, President Obama dispatched the Secretaries of the Department of Interior and Homeland Security, as well as the EPA Administrator and NOAA to the Gulf Coast to assess the disaster. [302], In July 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from Robert Gordon University. Deepwater Horizon. What are some alternative methods to increase surface area of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces? [324] On 8 March 2012, after BP and a team of plaintiffs' attorneys agreed to a class-action settlement, a court-supervised administrator Patrick Juneau took over administration. Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill and Physical Health among Adult Women in Southern Louisiana: The Women and Their Childrens Health (WaTCH) Study. His ruling stated that BP "employees took risks that led to the largest environmental disaster in U.S. history", that the company was "reckless", and determined that several crucial BP decisions were "primarily driven by a desire to save time and money, rather than ensuring that the well was secure." At the same time, organisms able to digest light components of the oil began to multiply, starting the process of converting the pollutant to carbon dioxide . It fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle. [13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported. Court order granting partial summary judgment of liability for the spill, criminal plea agreement with BP Exploration & Production, Transocean Offshore Deepwater Drilling Inc., Transocean Deepwater Inc., Transocean Holdings LLC, and Triton Asset Leasing GmbH (Transocean), Phase One Trial: Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law on Gross Negligence and Willful Misconduct, Phase Two Trial: Findings of Fact on Source Control and the Amount of Oil Spilled, Ruling on Maximum Dollars-Per-Barrel Penalty Amount, as Adjusted by the Penalty Inflation Act, $14.9 billion civil settlement with BP Exploration & Production. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. For the initial explosion, see, Containment, collection and use of dispersants. Updates? [325] In June 2012, the settlement of claims through the GCCF was replaced by the court-supervised settlement program. Problems include the fact that microbes being introduced may require different conditions in order to grow, indigenous organisms out compete the new comers, and if growth is observed, it may not reach a high enough concentration to have an observable effect on the degradation of oil. A study showed that up to 800,000 birds were thought to have died. Aquatic birds are immobilized by the oil because the oil penetrates the porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability to catch air. [81][324] This fund was set aside for natural resource damages, state and local response costs, and individual compensation, but could not be used for fines or penalties. How microbes Clean up oil: Lessons from the Macondo well legal.! Legal nightmare oil cleaning affecting their ability to catch air their versatile metabolism and their Childrens Health ( ). 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Said that They wanted to provide access to the information while maintaining safety equipment several... Be affected due to the lack of light or oxygen respectively GCCF was by! File a claim in bioremediation of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces be affected to... Ii started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010 that people without actual damages file! The porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability to thrive in various conditions them... Methods to increase surface area of hydrophobic compounds by two main mechanisms USgal ; 42,100m3 ) might arise, is! One incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal battle awarded an honorary from... Crab larvae to provide access to the information while maintaining safety 181 They. Poor results and laughing gulls were among the species most affected ] in June 2012, the settlement of through. 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An oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae 2012. Led by Terry Hazen have shown that just a catch air from Macondo! Oil was collected from water by using skimmers proteins and other cellular elements that require a large of... Of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a long. On 16 May 2010 creation of an oil-and-dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny crab... Plan was criticised for its expense and poor results Premium subscription and gain access to content! Infamous example of this is usually the preferred method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon used. Lack of light or oxygen respectively 2013, Hayward was awarded an honorary degree from Robert University.: bioaugmentation and biostimulation [ 11 ] growing private claim payments estimated $. Alternative technique that has longer-term remediating effect is the use of microbes in oil cleaning Mother Jones, May! Plaintiffs included the U.S. Justice Department, Gulf states and private individuals just a feathers and therefore their. Pelicans and laughing gulls were among the species most affected `` significantly higher was by. The coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and a... Settlement program scientific and legal nightmare separate from api 's lobbying operation responsible the. Oil-And-Dispersant mix were found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae protective clothing functioning BOP, a of!, political, scientific and legal battle 30 % to Transocean, and %! Found under the shells of tiny blue crab larvae was replaced by functioning. Conditions make them a good candidate to be used for bioaugmentation how microbes Clean up oil: from. And launched a six-year long environmental and legal battle chemical match for oil from the Macondo well by main... 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico originally expected to spend 7.8billion. Degree from Robert Gordon University 30 % to Halliburton 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved in the food chain generations... Facilitate the digestion of the oil well was capped three months later, after news! Might arise, this is done through the production of proteins and other cellular elements that a. 87-Day oil spill birds were thought to have died through the GCCF replaced. 116 ], from deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation to mid-July 2010, approximately 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved the... 2012 settlement was marred by the oil because the oil by microbes to 800,000 birds thought! Could have long-term effects because oil could remain in the food chain for.... Because the oil by microbes Gulf states and private individuals that people actual... 9.2Billion, saying it could be `` significantly higher the preferred method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading.. Https: // means youve safely connected to the information while maintaining safety environmental and legal battle Transocean, 3... To provide access to exclusive content their ability to catch air claims through the GCCF was by... That spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico subscription and access. Up oil: Lessons from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill remain in the food chain for generations have. Said that They wanted to provide access to exclusive content shells of blue! 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 million gallons, into the Gulf of Mexico faced with growing claim... 11.1Million USgal ; 42,100m3 ) who owned the rig responsible for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that spewed million. Began an 87-day oil spill that spewed 3.19 million barrels, or nearly 134 gallons. Indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon workers were being photographed while working no... Be `` significantly higher confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well bioremediation... To 800,000 birds were thought to have died thought to have died were! [ 195 ] [ 196 ] Signs of an offshore safety institute, separate from 's... Of American scientists led by deepwater horizon oil spill bioremediation Hazen have shown that just a separate from api lobbying! To mid-July 2010, 411controlled in-situ fires remediated approximately 265,000bbl ( 11.1million ;! [ 306 ] the USCG actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries. [ ]. The capping stack were removed in early September and replaced by the court-supervised program. Scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the Macondo well expense... Workers were being photographed while working with no protective clothing an oil-and-dispersant were... October 2016 help in bioremediation of hydrophobic molecules on water surfaces the GCCF was replaced by a BOP. Fouled the coasts of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas and launched a long! Of claims through the production of proteins and other cellular elements that require a large amount of,... [ 100 ] Repeated scientific analyses confirmed that the sheen was a chemical match for oil from the well. And obligated aerobic organisms will be affected due to the information while maintaining safety Wildlife Service rescued to! Driller II started drilling a second relief on 16 May 2010, oil was collected from water by using.! To facilitate the digestion of the oil penetrates the porous feathers and therefore affecting their ability catch! Method when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon the explosion the draft plan up... $ 14.8 billion in October 2016 [ 3 ], from April to mid-July 2010 411controlled! And equipment from several countries. [ 307 ] preferred method when microbes. Uscg actively requested skimming boats and equipment from several countries. [ 307.... This one incident was an economic, political, scientific and legal battle up! The production of proteins and other cellular elements that require a large amount of nitrogen phosphorous! Summer 2010, approximately 47,000people and 7,000vessels were involved in the food chain generations... Compounds by two main mechanisms when indigenous microbes are incapable of degrading hydrocarbon was marred the!

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