list of countries in antarctica

Glaciologists study the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets. Those 3 countries, plus 11 Pacific Island countries make up the 14 countries in the Oceania region. This article includes a geography-related, List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands, List of mountains of Princess Elizabeth Land, "The World at a Glance: Surprising Facts", "Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lists_of_places_in_Antarctica&oldid=1097887588, This page was last edited on 13 July 2022, at 04:57. [171][note 7], The continent of Antarctica has never had a permanent resident population, although staffed research stations are continuously maintained. The region covers 2,000 square kilometers and consists of ice-free land along the coastal areas. [185], Sovereignty over regions of Antarctica is claimed by seven countries. For Australia and New Zealand, see, Temperate conditions near the coast in December, The warming trend for Antarctica from 1957 to 2006, based on the analysis of, Conservation and environmental protection, The word was originally pronounced with the first. No, no one owns Antarctica, at least not officially, but the number of countries in Antarctica doing research at the moment is quite high, with more than 50 of them signing the Antarctica Treaty. The 12 nations listed in the preamble (below) signed the Antarctic Treaty on 1 December 1959 at Washington, D.C. [184] Decisions are based on consensus, instead of a vote. International Geophysical Year was a major turning point for countries deeply separated by the Cold War and the danger it posed. Ethiopia (Abyssinia) - Addis Ababa Gabon - Libreville The Gambia - Banjul Ghana - Accra Guinea - Conakry Guinea-Bissau - Bissau Kenya - Nairobi Lesotho - Maseru Liberia - Monrovia Libya - Tripoli Madagascar - Antananarivo Malawi - Lilongwe Mali - Bamako Mauritania - Nouakchott Mauritius - Port Louis Morocco (Al Maghrib) - Rabat Mozambique - Maputo [105] The depletion is caused by the emission of chlorofluorocarbons and halons into the atmosphere, which causes ozone to break down into other gases. [10] Antarctica was adopted in the 1890s, with the first use of the name being attributed to the Scottish cartographer John George Bartholomew. Antarctica. [20], East Antarctica comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Flight delays are less painful inside a gorgeous, well-designed airport. [29] For a large proportion of the Phanerozoic, Antarctica had a tropical or temperate climate, and it was covered in forests.[30]. The view of space from Earth is improved by a thinner atmosphere at higher elevations and a lack of water vapour in the atmosphere caused by freezing temperatures. Over the past 50 years, ice cores have Expressed more about climate change and climate hotspots than any other scientific technique. [140], Despite these protections, the biodiversity in Antarctica is still at risk from human activities. The Antarctic Treaty. So, does Antarctica have countries? Since then, the coverage of Antarctic sea ice has decreased rapidly. While there are systems to prevent such divisions of land among sovereign countries in Antarctica, there are obviously tendencies to bend the rules ever so slightly, just enough for certain countries to flash their claims. Photo: Free Grunge Textures - www.freestock.ca / flickr / CC-BY 2.0 United Kingdom British Antarctic Territory More United Kingdom There is great diversity between the sizes of each and we can find the small Vatican (0.44 km 2 ), Monaco (0.44 km 2 ), San Marino (61.2 km 2 ), Liechtenstein (160 km 2 ) and the Principality of Andorra (468 km 2 ). Smaller forms of life, such as sea cucumbers and free-swimming snails also found in both polar oceans. The presence of the West Antarctic Rift System has resulted in volcanism along the border between West and East Antarctica, as well as the creation of the Transantarctic Mountains. [47] During the early Paleogene, Antarctica remained connected to South America via the Isthmus of Scotia as well as to southeastern Australia. Antarctica holds the record for the lowest measured temperature on Earth, 89.2C (128.6F). [117], There are approximately 40 bird species that breed on or close to Antarctica, including species of petrels, penguins, cormorants, and gulls. The area was later administered as a Norway protectorate area in 1939. 1. The woman, who was likely to have been part of a sealing expedition, was found in 1985. Countries can participate in decision-making if they can demonstrate that they do significant research on Antarctica; as of 2022[update], 29 countries have this 'consultative status'. Most of the whalers were Norwegian, with an increasing proportion from Britain. At 131 feet (40 meters) below sea level, the Valds Peninsula, located in . [76] In February 2020, the continent recorded its highest temperature of 18.3C (64.9F), which was 0.8C (1.4F) higher than the previous record attained in March 2015. Send any feedback on the pin map to info@travelerscenturyclub.org. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, an international treaty that came into force in 1980, regulates fisheries, aiming to preserve ecological relationships. Under the treaty, mining, military use, dumping, and nuclear testing are all banned. [39] In West Antarctica, coniferous forests dominated throughout the Cretaceous period (14666Ma), though southern beech trees (Nothofagus) became prominent towards the end of the Cretaceous. Antarctica (/ntrktk/ (listen))[note 1] is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent. [32] After deglaciation during the latter half of the Early Permian, the land became dominated by glossopterids (an extinct group of seed plants with no close living relatives), most prominently Glossopteris, a tree interpreted as growing in waterlogged soils, which formed extensive coal deposits. [173][174], The first child born in the southern polar region was a Norwegian girl, Solveig Gunbjrg Jacobsen, born in Grytviken on 8 October 1913. [94] The continent is losing mass due to the increased flow of its glaciers toward the ocean. This picture is taken from the area where I went to high school. This area lies south of the Pacific Ocean and East of the Ross Sea. Devoid of trees, the wonderland of mountains . [1] While a few of these countries have mutually recognised each other's claims,[186] the validity of the claims is not recognised universally. The common invertebrates in this Antarctic region include nematodes, springtails, mites and rotifers. [120][121] Some of the species, having evolved under extreme conditions, have colonized structural cavities within porous rocks and have contributed to shaping the rock formations of the McMurdo Dry Valleys and surrounding mountain ridges. If all of this ice were melted, global sea levels would rise about 58m (190ft). A possible explanation is that thermohaline circulation transports warmed water to deeper layers in the Southern Ocean so that the surface remains relatively cool. [176], The Antarctic Treaty prohibits any military activity in Antarctica, including the establishment of military bases and fortifications, military manoeuvres, and weapons testing. It is also the world's highest, driest, windiest, coldest, and iciest continent. The climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. In 1985, British scientists, working on data they had gathered at Halley Research Station on the Brunt Ice Shelf, discovered a large area of low ozone concentration over Antarctica. Seven countries claim Antarctic territory: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. The clouds act as catalysts for chemical reactions, which eventually lead to the destruction of ozone. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the centre cold and dry, with moderate wind speeds. There is no official currency within the Free Territory of the South Pole. [167] Six women were flown to the South Pole as a publicity stunt in 1969. [113], Antarctic krill, which congregates in large schools, is the keystone species of the ecosystem of the Southern Ocean, being an important food organism for whales, seals, leopard seals, fur seals, squid, icefish, and many bird species, such as penguins and albatrosses. However, there are other questions that we may ask, such as: How many countries are there in Antarctica that claim portions of its territory? [14] Lake Vostok, discovered beneath Russia's Vostok Station, is the largest subglacial lake globally and one of the largest lakes in the world. Antarctica is the windiest place on the earth where windspeed of more than 350 kilometres per hour/218 miles per hour have been measured. If youre looking for a weekend getaway in the desert, you cant go wrong with the jewel of Arizona. The Antarctica Treaty of 1959 was signed by twelve countries: the United Kingdom was the first to sign the treat followed by Argentine, Australia, Belgium, Chile, France, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, United States of America and The Soviet Union/ Russia. During the 1950s, seven countries were very eager to lay claim to the Antarctic continent. The interior is dryer and receives less than 50mm (2in) per year, whereas the coastal regions typically receive more than 200mm (8in). The 10 Best Romantic Getaways in Tennessee Mountains, What is the Best Time to Visit Shillong and Cherrapunji, Nicaragua in October: Weather, Places to Visit & Things to Do, The Top 9 Budget Hacks for Long-Term Travelers, 7 Things That You Should Do When You Are in Tucson, Best Places to Visit in Europe when you are on a Budget. As CO2 levels declined further the ice began to spread rapidly, replacing the forests that until then had covered Antarctica. 667. [4], Until the discovery, belief by Europeans in the existence of a Terra Australisa vast continent in the far south of the globe to balance the northern lands of Europe, Asia, and North Africahad existed as an intellectual concept since classical antiquity. So, what countries are in Antarctica if any? This region is prone to katabatic winds, which drive sea ice away from the coastline. Antarctica is defined as all land and ice shelves south of 60 S for the purposes of the Treaty System. Brazil currently has a "zone of interest" but not an actual claim. Antarctica is a continent located at the furthest southern reaches of the globe. ", "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen", "The Foreign Secretary has announced that the southern part of British Antarctic Territory has been named Queen Elizabeth Land", "Argentina angry after Antarctic territory named after Queen", "Antarctica: The Madrid Protocol 25 Years On", Australian Institute of International Affairs, "IAATO Antarctic visitor figures 20192020", "Tourism and Non-Governmental Activities", "A history of McMurdo Station through its architecture", "Science Goals: Celebrating a Century of Science and Exploration", "Finding Meteorite Hotspots in Antarctica", "Science from the Sky: NASA Renews Search for Antarctic Meteorites", "2: The Geology and Geomorphology of Antarctica", Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, "Fungi of the Antarctic: evolution under extreme conditions", Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antarctica&oldid=1133467430, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles containing Middle French (ca. The CIA World Factbook has a complete list, but these are the countries with at least 100 individuals in Antarctica during the peak summer season: Country. [1] The treaty was signed by twelve countries, including the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Chile, Australia, and the United States. Antarctica covers more than 14.2millionkm2 (5,500,000sqmi), making it the fifth-largest continent, slightly less than 1.5times the area of the United States. [195] Tourism is subject to the provisions of the Antarctic Treaty and Environmental Protocol;[196] the self-regulatory body for the industry is the International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators. Many people stationed in Antarctica are doing environmental research living at a research base. Antarctica research stations, as mentioned above, are either permanent or seasonal. It is no surprise that Antarctica is on top of the list of the coldest countries in the world. Antarctica is the only continent in the world uninhabited by Homo sapiens. Since it was instituted, the treaty has grown to include 54 parties, most of which have established research bases on the continent. However, seven different countries have claimed territory in Antarctica. 3. [168][note 6] In the summer of 19961997, Norwegian explorer Brge Ousland became the first person to cross Antarctica alone from coast to coast, helped by a kite on parts of the journey. [14], Antarctica is divided into West Antarctica and East Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains, which stretch from Victoria Land to the Ross Sea. How Do Airlines Allocate Seats To Passengers? [1] However meltwater from the continent's ice features produce a number of rivers and streams. Multicoloured snow algae are especially abundant in the coastal regions during the summer. [65] The Prince Charles Mountains contain deposits of iron ore.[66] There are oil and natural gas fields in the Ross Sea. 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