strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care

For instance, the theory makes motherhood look like something that is inherently romantic and giving a firm base to sexual stereotypes. Because of its association with women, care ethics is often construed as a feminine ethic. Expanding on Adams original analysis of the sexual politics of meat (Adams, 1990), they maintain that a feminist care tradition offers a superior foundation for animal ethics. But once it is acknowledged that women are diverse, and that some men exhibit equally strong tendencies to care, it is not readily apparent that care ethics is solely or uniquely feminine. Nel Noddings, born January 19, 1929 in the town of Irvington, NJ, is a promoter in the idea of ethics of care in education. In business, an ethics of care asks us to review decisions not in terms of hard rules but in terms of how they will affect the people with whom we share our lives. She found that both men and women articulated the voice of care at different times, but noted that the voice of care, without women, would nearly fall out of their studies. A strict utilitariansomeone believing we should always act to bring the greatest good to the greatest numberwill go for the scientist. They tend to define care as a practice partially in order to stay mindful of the ongoing empirical (if misguided) associations between care and women, that must inform utopian visions of care as a gender-neutral activity and virtue. Weakness of Deontology The seven primary duties are of promise-keeping, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and non-maleficence. Strengths of Emotivism Weaknesses of Emotivism Emotivism expresses 'certain moral statements' - Ayer It allows complete freedom of action. In a certain sense, it corresponds with our natural instincts to act in favor of and protect those under our care and those involved in our lives. people are irrational and . Imagine a person who cared about nothing but him or herself. The nurses can choose the job and shift according to their comfort if the healthcare center allows them to do so. Joan Tronto is most known for exploring the intersections of care ethics, feminist theory, and political science. As well as abortion, both Susan Sherwin and Rosemary Tong consider how feminist ethics, including an ethic of care, provides new insights into contraception and sterilization, artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization, surrogacy, and gene therapy. Kohlberg had posited that moral development progressively moves toward more universalized and principled thinking and had also found that girls, when later included in his studies, scored significantly lower than boys. However, within the ethics of care, this obligation to the stranger is limited. This scope of caring is strongest towards others who are capable of reciprocal relationship. In this work they map conceptual territory inspired by Gilligans work, both critically and supportively, by exploring major philosophical themes such as self and autonomy, ethical principles and universality, feminist moral theory, and women and politics. For many people 'happiness' is an important part of decision making as it is their main aim in life. Overall, care continues to be an essentially contested concept, containing ambiguities that Peta Bowden, finds advantageous, revealing the complexity and diversity of the ethical possibilities of care(1997, 183). Some people object that the universalism of duty and rights-based ethics make these theories too inflexible. If a person has virtues, he or she can act morally and will be able to treat others with respect, compassion and love. This provides little discrimination according to race, class or age etc. Following Tronto, a number of feminist care ethicists explore the implications of care ethics for a variety of political concepts, including Bubeck who adapts Marxist arguments to establish the social necessity and current exploitation of the work of care; Sevenhuijsen who reformulates citizenship to be more inclusive of caring need and care work; and Kittay who develops a dependency based concept of equality (Bubeck, 1995; Sevenhuijsen, 1998; Kittay, 1999). Presumably, then, an individual who has cultivated a compassionate personality consistent with . Specifically, she recommends a view of a globally interdependent civil society increasingly dependent upon an array of caring NGOs for solving problems. They offer Auto, Home, Commercial, Life, and Umbrella Policies. With an emphasis on known persons and particular selves, care ethics did not seem to be a moral theory suited to guide relations with distant or hostile others. Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed.). Walker, Vanessa Siddle and Snarey, John, ed. There are three foundational beliefs in ethics of care: ? Expert Answers. She finds that the preoccupation with the nation state in cosmopolitanism and communitarianism, and the enforced global primacy of liberal values such as autonomy, independence, self-determination, and others, has led to a culture of neglect. Liberalism is a principle in Global politics theory that that is based on the hope of diligence, reason and universal ethics and that with the application of this the world will become a more orderly, ethical and cooperative. Although Ruddick acknowledges that many mothers support military endeavors and undermine peace movements, some critics are unconvinced that warfare is always illogical and universally contrary to maternal practice. Normatively, care ethics seeks to maintain relationships by contextualizing and promoting the well-being of care-givers and care-receivers in a network of social relations. As opposed to the traditional idea that the best moral lessons show us how to coldly, impersonally, and impartially apply abstract rules, here were checking to see whos involved, because the reason we have morality is to vitalize our human relationships. People are mainly affected by policies because they are the individuals who must follow and abide by them as well. Duties of Justice: Duty to distribute pleasure or happiness (or the means . READINGS [1] While consequentialist and deontological ethical theories emphasize generalizable standards and impartiality, ethics of care emphasize the importance of response to the individual. While Gilligan was relatively silent about the moral status of animals in care ethics, Noddings made it clear that humans have moral obligations only to animals which are proximate, open to caring completion, and capable of reciprocity. Most often defined as a practice or virtue rather than a theory as such, care involves maintaining the world of, and meeting the needs of, ourself and others. Typically contrasted with deontological/Kantian and consequentialist/utilitarian ethics, care ethics is found to have affinities with moral perspectives such as African ethics, Confucian ethics, and others. Slote seeks to form an alliance against traditional masculine moral theories like Kantianism, utilitarianism, and social contract theory (Slote, 1998). Following codes of ethics will help an individual become a better person or perform at a higher level at work. A clear content to judge ethical behavior. The application of care ethics to the moral status of animals has been most thoroughly explored by Carol Adams and Josephine Donovan (Adams and Donovan 1996; 2007). In 1984 Noddings published Caring, in which she developed the idea of care as a feminine ethic, and applied it to the practice of moral education. According to the work of Carol Gilligan (1982 . Something similar happens within typical families. Heavy lifting is a part of the work of the nurses. Strengths and Weaknesses of Answer (1 of 5): It depends on whether you see consequentialism (which I'll blur together with utilitarianism*, the most popular form of consequentialism) as your single source of moral truth, as a toolkit for enacting some higher-level moral system, or In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the delivery of eye care services continues to be undermined by health systems . As a theory rooted in practices of care, care ethics emerged in large part from analyses of the reasoning and activities associated with mothering. Some defenders of utilitarianism and deontology argue that the concerns highlighted by care ethics have been, or could be, readily addressed by existing theories (Nagl-Docekal, 1997; Ma, 2002). Like every business in the USA, Liberty has a Code of Business Ethics and Conduct-Guiding Principle. Loving attention helps mothers to perceive their children and themselves honestly so as to foster growth without retreating to fantasy or incurring loss of the self. 6. Here, Benhabib traces a basic dichotomy in political and moral theory drawn between the public and private realms. A number of criticisms have been launched against care ethics, including that it is: a) a slave morality; b) empirically flawed; c) theoretically indistinct; d) parochial, e) essentialist, and f) ambiguous. And, it might be true for President Obama. An ethics of care is frequently compared to the morality guiding a family. We have a moral responsibility to protect research participants from harm. Alternatively, a different client, one not demanding a bribe, may be sought to purchase the companys goods and services. Because it depends upon contextual considerations, care is notoriously difficult to define. (See 3a.iv below). According to Engster, care as a political theory has universal application because conditions of dependency are ubiquitous, but care need not be practiced by all groups in the same way, and has no necessary affinities with any particular political system, including Marxism and liberalism. In The Ethics of Care, Virginia Held offers a detailed account of the ethics of care, its features and potential as a novel normative theory.The first part of the book is devoted to the definition of care ethics as a distinct theoretical approach that represents an alternative to moral theories such as Kantian ethics and utilitarianism. That world includes our bodies, ourselves, and our environment. However important the issue under investigation psychologists need to remember that they have a duty to respect the rights and dignity of research participants. Act Utilitarianism Weakness. To determine major strengths and weaknesses of ethics of care actions are right or wrong combination of sympathy and principles is recommended by a of. For similar reasons, Lijun Yuan doubts that Confucian ethics can ever be acceptable to contemporary feminists, despite its similarity to care ethics. While Robinson doubts the possibility of a more caring world where poverty and suffering are entirely eliminated, she finds that a critical care ethic may offer an alternative mode of response that can motivate global care. An ethics of care in essence takes that model from the family and extends it out into the world of business. Theres no way to know for sure which path will be the right one, but in every case the choice will be made in the name of preserving and nurturing the human relationships surrounding the decision. 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